Human selenoprotein

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a human selenoprotein (HSEL) and polynucleotides which identify and encode HSEL. The invention also provides genetically engineered expression vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acid sequences encoding HSEL and a method for producing HSEL. The invention also provides for agonists, antibodies, or antagonists specifically binding, HSEL, and their use, in the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with expression of HSEL. Additionally, the invention provides for the use of antisense molecules to polynucleotides encoding HSEL for the treatment of diseases associated with the expression of HSEL. The invention also provides diagnostic assays which utilize the polynucleotide, or fragments or the complement thereof, and antibodies specifically binding HSEL.

This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser.No. 09/127,289, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,998,371, filed on Jul. 13, 1998,which is a divisional of Ser. No. 08/807,043, filed on Feb. 24, 1997,now U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,131.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of anovel human selenoprotein and to the use of these sequences in thediagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Selenium is a trace element which is necessary for normal cellulargrowth and development in vivo and in vitro. In large amounts, it is ahighly toxic substance; but at lower levels, it is an essential traceelement in eukaryotes and a potent anticarcinogenic agent in a varietyof animal models. Selenium deficiency in livestock results indegeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle, while in humans it isassociated with the development of cardiomyopathy. Dietary seleniumaffords protection against both the initiation and promotion ofcarcinogensis, and there is increasing epidemiological evidence tosupport its anticarcinogenic role in humans. (Medina, D. et al. (1988)Pathol. Immunopathol. Res. 7:187-199; Morris, J. G. (1984) Science223:491-493; Batist, G. (1985) Cancer Res. 45:5900-5903; Ip, C. (1986)Adv. Exp. Med. 206:431-447; Holmberg, S. B. and Bertram, J. S. (1991)Nord Med 106:86-89).

Selenium is incorporated directly into proteins such as glutathioneperoxidase, type I iodothyronine deiodinase, and selenoprotein P duringtranslation. Incorporation of selenium into these proteins is via theselenccysteinyl-tRNA which recognizes the specific UGA codons in mRNAsto insert selenocysteine into the primary structure of selenoproteins.The biological role of selenium was established following the discoverythat it is a structural component of the active center of the enzymeglutathione peroxidase.

Cellular glutathione peroxidase was the first enzyme recognized as aselenoprotein. This enzyme is composed of four apparently identicalsubunits, each containing one atom of selenium, and it acts as acatalyst in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and a variety of organichydroperoxides by glutathione. The selenium-dependent glutathioneperoxidase (GSHPx) family has at least four members that protect againstthe deleterious effects of peroxides and hyperperoxides in tissues.These include the cellular GSHPx glutathione: H₂O₂ oxidoreductase, theplasma GSHPx, the phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, andthe gastrointestinal tract associated GSHPx-GI. Several otherselenoproteins have been characterized, including type I iodothyronine5′-deiodinase which catalyzes the deiodination of L-thyroxine to thebiologically active hormone 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine, and the T-cellthioredoxin reductase, a member of the thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductaseantioxidant enzyme system. The selenocysteine component of thesemolecules is an integral part of their catalytic or active sites(Vendeland, S. C. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92:8749-8753; Zachara,B. A. (1992) J. Trace Elem. Electrolytes Health Dis. 6; 137-151; Mandel,S. J. et al. (1992) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75:1133-1139; andGladyshev, V. N. et al (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:6146-6151).

Levels of dietary selenium are found to regulate the enzymaticactivities and the expression of the mRNAs of cellular GSHPx,phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, and type Iiodothyronine 5′-deiodinase. The recently isolated rat skeletal muscleselenoprotein W similarly responds to dietary selenium, although thelevels of mRNA and protein do not respond in parallel. Selenoprotein WmRNA levels are relatively constant at 0.1 to 4.0 ppm selenium, butthere is an 8-fold increase in the protein content which suggestsadditional regulation at the translational level. Likeselenium-dependent GSHPx, rat skeletal muscle selenoprotein W can beisolated from muscle tissue by its binding to reduced glutathione whichmay imply a role in oxidation/reduction catalysis (Vendeland, S. C.,supra).

Selenium-binding proteins have been implicated in cellular growthcontrol and the protection from carcinogenesis and cancer.Antiproliferative effects of selenium have been demonstrated in braintumor cell lines, and inhibition of DNA synthesis has been correlatedwith the level of selenium bound to proteins in cultured mouse mammaryepithelial cells (Zhu, Z. et al. (1995) Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 49:1-7;Morrison, D. G. et al. (1988); Carcinogenesis 9:1801-1810).

The discovery of proteins related to rat skeletal muscle selenoproteinW, and the polynucleotides encoding them, satisfies a need in the art byproviding new compositions useful in diagnosis and treatment of cancerand disorders of cell growth.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention features a novel human selenoprotein hereinafterdesignated HSEL and characterized as having similarity to rat skeletalmuscle selenoprotein W.

Accordingly, the invention features a substantially purified HSEL havingthe amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1.

One aspect of the invention features isolated and substantially purifiedpolynucleotides that encode HSEL. In a particular aspect, thepolynucleotide is the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

The invention also relates to a polynucleotide sequence comprising thecomplement of SEQ ID NO:2 or variants thereof. In addition, theinvention features polynucleotide sequences which hybridize understringent conditions to SEQ ID NO:2.

The invention additionally features nucleic acid sequences encodingpolypeptides, oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), fragments,portions or antisense molecules thereof, and expression vectors and hostcells comprising polynucleotides that encode HSEL. The present inventionalso features antibodies which bind specifically to HSEL, andpharmaceutical compositions comprising substantially purified HSEL. Theinvention also features the use of agonists and antagonists of HSEL. Theinvention also features a method for treating cancers by administeringHSEL.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) and nucleic acidsequence (SEQ ID NO:2) of HSEL. The alignment was produced usingMacDNASIS PRO Software (Hitachi Software Engineering Co., Ltd., SanBruno, Calif.).

FIG. 2 shows the amino acid sequence alignments between HSEL (SEQ IDNO:1) and rat skeletal muscle selenoprotein W (GI 993035; SEQ ID NO:3).The alignment was produced using the multisequence alignment program ofDNASTAR software (DNASTAR Inc. Madison Wis.).

FIG. 3A and 3B show the hydrophobicity plots (MacDNASIS software) forHSEL. SEQ ID NO: 1 and rat skeletal muscle selenoprotein W (GI 993035;SEQ ID NO:3), respectively. The positive X axis reflects amino acidposition, and the negative Y axis, hydrophobicity.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Before the present proteins, nucleotide sequences, and methods aredescribed, it is understood that this invention is not limited to theparticular methodology, protocols, cell lines, vectors, and reagentsdescribed as these may vary. It is also to be understood that theterminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the presentinvention which will be limited only by the appended claims.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, thesingular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural reference unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “ahost cell” includes a plurality of such host cells, reference to the“antibody” is a reference to one or more antibodies and equivalentsthereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skillin the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods,devices, and materials are now described. All publications mentionedherein are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose ofdescribing and disclosing the cell lines, vectors, and methodologieswhich are reported in the publications which might be used in connectionwith the invention. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admissionthat the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtueof prior invention.

DEFINITIONS

“Nucleic acid sequence”, as used herein, refers to an oligonucleotide,nucleotide, or polynucleotide, and fragments or portions thereof, and toDNA or RNA of genomic or synthetic origin which may be single- ordouble-stranded, and represent the sense or antisense strand. Similarly,“amino acid sequence” as used herein refers to an oligopeptide, peptide.polypeptide, or protein sequence(e, and fragments or portions thereof,and to naturally occurring or synthetic molecules.

Where “amino acid sequence” is recited herein to refer to an amino acidsequence of a naturally occurring protein molecule, “amino acidsequence” and like terms, such as “polypeptide” or “protein” are notmeant to limit the amino acid sequence to the complete, native aminoacid sequence associated with the recited protein molecule.

“Peptide nucleic acid”, is used herein, refers to a molecule whichcomprises an oligomer to which an amino acid residue, such as lysine,and an amino group have been added. These small molecules, alsodesignated anti-gene agents, stop transcript elongation by binding totheir complementary strand of nucleic acid (Nielsen, P. E. et al. (1993)Anticancer Drug Des. 8:53-63).

HSEL, as used herein, refers to the amino acid sequences ofsubstantially purified HSEL obtained from any species, particularlymammalian, including bovine, ovine, porcine, murine, equine, andpreferably human, from any source whether natural, synthetic,semi-synthetic, or recombinant.

“Consensus”, as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid sequence which hasbeen resequenced to resolve uncalled bases, or which has been extendedusing XL-PCR KGT (Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, Conn.) in the 5′ arid/or the 3′direction and resequenced, or which has been assembled from theoverlapping sequences of more than one Incyte clone using the GELVIEWfragment assembly system (GCG, Madison, Wis.), or which has been bothextended and assembled.

A “variant” of HSEL, as used herein, refers to an amino acid sequencethat is altered by one or more amino acids. The variant may have“conservative” changes, wherein a substituted amino acid has similarstructural or chemical properties, e.g., replacement of leucine withisoleucine. More rarely, a variant may have “nonconservative” changes.e.g., replacement of a glycine with a tiyptophan. Similar minorvariations may also include amino acid deletions or insertions, or both.Guidance in determining which amino acid residues may be substituted,inserted, or deleted without abolishing biological or immunologicalactivity may be found using computer programs well known in the art, forexample, DNASTAR software.

A “deletion”, as used herein, refers to a change in either amino acid ornucleotide sequence in which one or more amino acid or nucleotideresidues, respectively, are absent.

An “insertion” or “addition”, as used herein, refers to a change in anamino acid or nucleotide sequence resulting in the addition of one ormore amino acid or nucleotide residues, respectively, as compared to thenaturally occurring molecule.

A “substitution”, as used herein, refers to the replacement of one ormore amino acids or nucleotides by different amino acids or nucleotides,respectively.

The term “biologically active”, as used herein, refers to a proteinhaving structural, regulatory, or biochemical functions of a naturallyoccurring molecule. Likewise, “immunologically active” refers to thecapability of the natural, recombinant, or synthetic HSEL, or anyoligopeptide thereof, to induce a specific immune response inappropriate animals or cells and to bind with specific antibodies.

The term “agonist”, as used herein, refers to a molecule which, whenbound to HSEL, causes a change in HSEL which modulates the activity ofHSEL. Agonists may include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, orany other molecules which bind to HSEL.

The terms “antagonist” or “inhibitor”, as used herein, refer to amolecule which, when bound to HSEL, blocks or modulates the biologicalor immunological activity of HSEL. Antagonists and inhibitors mayinclude proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, or any other moleculeswhich bind to HSEL.

The term “modulate”, as used herein, refers to a change or an alterationin the biological activity of HSEL. Modulation may be an increase or adecrease in protein activity, a change in binding characteristics, orany other change in the biological, functional or immunologicalproperties of HSEL.

The term “mimetic”, as used herein, refers to a molecule, the structureof which is developed from knowledge of the structure of HSEL orportions thereof and, as such, is able to effect some or all of theactions of HSEL-like molecules.

The term “derivative”, as used herein, refers to the chemicalmodification of a nucleic acid encoding HSEL or the encoded HSEL.Illustrative of such modifications would be replacement of hydrogen byan alkyl, acyl, or amino group. A nucleic acid derivative would encode apolypeptide which (retains essential biological characteristics of thenatural molecule.

The term “substantially purified”, as used herein, refers to nucleic oramino acid sequences that are removed from their natural environment,isolated or separated, and are at least 60% free, preferably 75% free,and most preferably 90% free from other components with which they arenaturally associated.

“Amplification”, as used herein, refers to the production of additionalcopies of a nucleic acid sequence and is generally carried out usingpolymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies well known in the art(Dieffenbach, C. W. and G. S. Dveksler (1995) PCR Primer, a LaboratoryManual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

The term “hybridization”, as used herein, refers to any process by whicha strand of nucleic acid binds with a complementary strand through basepairing.

The term “hybridization complex”, as used herein, refers to a complexformed between two nucleic acid sequences by virtue of the formation ofhydrogen bonds between complementary G and C bases and betweencomplementary A and T bases; these hydrogen bonds may be furtherstabilized by base stacking interactions. The two complementary nucleicacid sequences hydrogen bond in an antiparallel configuration. Ahybridization complex may be formed in solution (e.g., C₀t or R₀tanalysis) or between one nucleic acid sequence present in solution andanother nucleic acid sequence immobilized on a solid support (e.g.,membranes, filters, chips, pins or glass slides to which cells have beenfixed for in situ hybridization).

The terms “complementary” or “complementarity”, as used herein, refer tothe natural binding of polynucleotides under permissive salt andtemperature conditions by base-pairing. For example, for the sequence“A-G-T” binds to the complementary sequence “T-C-A”. Complementaritybetween two single-stranded molecules may be “partial”, in which onlysome of the nucleic acids bind, or it may be complete when totalcomplementarity exists between the single stranded molecules. The degreeof complementarity between nucleic acid strands has significant effectson the efficiency and strength of hybridization between nucleic acidstrands. This is of particular importance in amplification reactions,which depend upon binding between nucleic acids strands.

The term “homology”, as used herein, refers to a degree ofcomplementarity. There may be partial homology or complete homology(i.e., identity). A partially complementary sequence is one that atleast partially inhibits an identical sequence from hybridizing to atarget nucleic acid; it is referred to using the functional term“substantially homologous.” The inhibition of hybridization of thecompletely complementary sequence to the target sequence may be examinedusing a hybridization assay (Southern or northern blot, solutionhybridization and the like) under conditions of low stringency. Asubstantially homologous sequence or probe will compete for and inhibitthe binding (i.e., the hybridization) of a completely homologoussequence or probe to the target sequence under conditions of lowstringency. This is not to say that conditions of low stringency aresuch that non-specific binding is permitted; low stringency conditionsrequire that the binding of two sequences to one another be a specific(i.e., selective) interaction. The absence of non-specific binding maybe tested by the use of a second target sequence which lacks even apartial degree of complementarity (e.g., less than about 30% identity);in the absence of non-specific binding, the probe will not hybridize tothe second non-complementary target sequence.

As known in the art, numerous equivalent conditions may be employed tocomprise either low or high stringency conditions. Factors such as thelength and nature (DNA, RNA, base composition) of the sequence, natureof the target (DNA, RNA, base composition, presence in solution orimmobilization, etc.), and the concentration of the salts and othercomponents (e.g., the presence or absence of formamide, dextran sulfateand/or polyethylene glycol) are considered and the hybridizationsolution may be varied to generate conditions of either low or highstringency different from, but equivalent to, the above listedconditions.

The term “stringent conditions”, as used herein, is the “stringency”which occurs within a range from about Tm-5° C. (5° C. below the meltingtemperature (Tm) of the probe) to about 20° C. to 25° C. below Tm. Aswill be understood by those of skill in the art, the stringency ofhybridization may be altered in order to identify or detect identical orrelated polynucleotide sequences.

The term “antisense”, as used herein, refers to nucleotide sequenceswhich are complementary to a specific DNA or RNA sequence. The term“antisense strand” is used in reference to a nucleic acid strand that iscomplementary to the “sense” strand. Antisense molecules may be producedby any method, including synthesis by ligating the gene(s) of interestin a reverse orientation to a viral promoter which permits the synthesisof a complementary strand. Once introduced into a cell, this transcribedstrand combines with natural sequences produced b, the cell to formduplexes. These duplexes then block either the further transcription ortranslation. In this manner, mutant phenotypes may be generated. Thedesignation “negative” is sometimes used in reference to the antisensestrand, and “positive” is sometimes used in reference to the sensestrand.

The term “portion”, as used herein, with regard to a protein (as in “aportion of a given protein”) refers to fragments of that protein. Thefragments may range in size from four amino acid residues to the entireamino acid sequence minus one amino acid. Thus, a protein “comprising atleast a portion of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1” encompassesthe full-length human HSEL and fragments thereof.

“Transformation”, as defined herein, describes a process by whichexogenous DNA enters and changes a recipient cell. It may occur undernatural or artificial conditions using various methods well known in theart. Transformation may rely on any known method for the insertion offoreign nucleic acid sequences into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic hostcell. The method is selected based on the host cell being transformedand may include, but is not limited to, viral infection,electroporation, lipofection, and particle bombardment. Such“transformed” cells include stably transformed cells in which theinserted DNA is capable of replication either as an autonomouslyreplicating plasmid or as part of the host chromosome. They also includecells which transiently express the inserted DNA or RNA for limitedperiods of time.

The term “antigenic determinant”, as used herein, refers to that portionof a molecule that makes contact with a particular antibody (i.e., anepitope). When a protein or fragment of a protein is used to immunize ahost animal, numerous regions of the protein may induce the productionof antibodies which bind specifically to a given region orthree-dimensional structure on the protein; these regions or structuresare referred to as antigenic determinants. An antigenic determinant maycompete with the intact antigen (i.e., the immunogen used to elicit theimmune response) for binding to an antibody.

The terms “specific binding” or “specifically binding”, as used herein,in reference to the interaction of an antibody and a protein or peptide,mean that the interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particularstructure (i.e., the antigenic determinant or epitope) on the protein:in other words, the antibody is recognizing and binding to a specificprotein structure rather than to proteins in general. For example, if anantibody is specific for epitope “A”, the presence of a proteincontaining epitope A (or free, unlabeled A) in a reaction containinglabeled “A” and the antibody will reduce the amount of labeled A boundto the antibody.

The term “sample”, as used herein, is used in its broadest sense. Abiological sample suspected of containing nucleic acid encoding HSEL orfragments thereof may comprise a cell, chromosomes isolated from a cell(e.g., a spread of metaphase chromosomes), genomic DNA (in solution orbound to a solid support such as for Southern analysis), RNA (insolution or bound to a solid support such as for northern analysis),cDNA (in solution or bound to a solid support), an extract from cells ora tissue, and the like.

The term “correlates with expression of a polynucleotide”, as usedherein, indicates that the detection of the presence of ribonucleic acidthat is similar to SEQ ID NO:2 by northern analysis is indicative of thepresence of mRNA encoding HSEL in a sample and thereby correlates withexpression of the transcript from the polynucleotide encoding theprotein.

“Alterations”, in the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 2, as used herein,comprise any alteration in the sequence of polynucleotides encoding HSELincluding deletions, insertions, and point mutations that may bedetected using hybridization assays. Included within this definition isthe detection of alterations to the genomic DNA sequence which encodesHSEL (e.g., by alterations in the pattern of restriction fragment lengthpolymorphisms capable of hybridizing to SEQ ID NO:2), the inability of aselected fragment of SEQ ID NO: 2 to hybridize to a sample of genomicDNA (e.g., using allele-specific oligonucleotide probes), and improperor unexpected hybridization, such as hybridization to a locus other thanthe normal chromosomal locus for the polynucleotide sequence encodingHSEL (e.g., using fluorescent in situ hybridization [FISH] to metaphasechromosome spreads).

As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to intact molecules as wellas fragments thereof, such as Fab F(ab′)₂, and Fv, which are capable ofbinding the epitopic determinant. Antibodies that bind HSEL polypeptidescan be prepared using intact polypeptides or fragments containing smallpeptides of interest as the immunizing antigen. The polypeptide orpeptide used to immunize an animal can be derived from the transition ofRNA or synthesized chemically, and cam be conjugated to a carrierprotein, if desired. Commonly used carriers that are chemically coupledto peptides include bovine serum albumin and thyroglobulin. The coupledpeptide is then used to immunize the animal (e.g., a mouse, a rat, or arabbit).

The term “humanized antibody”, as used herein, refers to antibodymolecules in which amino acids have been replaced in the non-antigenbinding regions in order to more closely resemble a human antibody,while still retaining the original binding ability.

THE INVENTION

The invention is based on the discovery of a novel human selenoprotein,(HSEL), the polynucleotides encoding HSEL, and the use of thesecompositions for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of cancer.

Nucleic acids encoding the human HSEL of the present invention werefirst identified in Incyte Clone 1599862 from the bladder tissue cDNAlibrary (BLADNOT03) through a computer-generated search for amino acidsequence alignments. A consensus sequence, SEQ ID NO:2, was derived fromthe following overlapping and/or extended nucleic acid sequences: IncyteClones 1599862 (BLADNOT03), 817554 (OVARTUT01); and 601420 (BRSTNOT02).

In one embodiment, the invention encompasses a polypeptide comprisingthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, as shown in FIG. 1. HSEL is 93amino acids in length and has chemical and structural homology with ratskeletal muscle selenoprotein W (GI 993035; SEQ ID NO:3). In particular,HSEL and rat skeletal muscle selenoprotein W share 82% identity. Asillustrated by FIGS. 3A and 3B, HSEL and rat skeletal muscleselenoprotein W have rather similar hydrophobicity plots. Northernanalysis shows the expression of this sequence in various libraries, atleast 61% of which are derived from cancerous or immortalized tissue andcells.

The invention also encompasses HSEL variants. A preferred HSEL variantis one having at least 80%, and more preferably 90%, amino acid sequencesimilarity to the HSEL amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:1). A mostpreferred HSEL variant is one having at least 95% amino acid sequencesimilarity to SEQ ID NO:1.

The invention also encompasses polynucleotides which encode HSEL.Accordingly, any nucleic acid sequence which encodes the amino acidsequence of HSEL can be used to generate recombinant molecule whichexpress HSEL. In a particular embodiment, the invention encompasses thepolynucleotide comprising the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 asshown in FIG. 1.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that as a result ofthe degeneracy of the genetic code, a multitude of nucleotide sequencesencoding HSEL, some bearing minimal homology to the nucleotide sequencesof any known and naturally occurring gene, may be produced. Thus, theinvention contemplates each and every possible variation of nucleotidesequence that could be made by electing combinations based on possiblecodon choices. These combinations are made in accordance with thestandard triplet genetic code as applied to the nucleotide sequence ofnaturally occurring HSEL, and all such variations are to be consideredas being specifically disclosed.

Although nucleotide sequences which encode HSEL and its variants arepreferably capable of hybridizing to the nucleotide sequence of thenaturally occurring HSEL under appropriately selected conditions ofstringency, it may be advantageous to produce nucleotide sequencesencoding HSEL or its derivatives possessing a substantially differentcodon usage. Codons may be selected to increase the rate at whichexpression of the peptide occurs in a particular prokaryotic oreukaryotic host in accordance with the frequency with which particularcodons are utilized by the host. Other reasons for substantiallyaltering the nucleotide sequence encoding HSEL and its derivativeswithout altering the encoded amino acid sequences include the productionof RNA transcripts having more desirable properties, such as a greaterhalf-life, than transcripts produced from the naturally occurringsequence.

The invention also encompasses production of DNA sequences, or portionsthereof, which encode HSEL and its derivatives, entirely by syntheticchemistry. After production, the synthetic sequence may be inserted intoany of the many available expression vectors and cell systems usingreagents that are well known in the art at the time of the filing ofthis application. Moreover, synthetic chemistry may be used to introducemutations into a sequence encoding HSEL or arty portion thereof.

Also encompassed by the invention are polynucleotide sequences that arecapable of hybridizing to the claimed nucleotide sequences, and inparticular, those shown in SEQ ID NO:2, under various conditions ofstringency. Hybridization conditions are based on the meltingtemperature (Tm) of the nucleic acid binding complex or probe, as taughtin Wahl, G. M. and S. L. Berger (1987; Methods Enzymol. 152:399-407) andKimmel, A. R. (1987; Methods Enzymol. 152:507-511), and may be used at adefined stringency.

Altered nucleic acid sequences encoding HSEL which are encompassed bythe invention include deletions, insertions, or substitutions ofdifferent nucleotides resulting in a polynucleotide that encodes thesame or a functionally equivalent HSEL. The encoded protein may alsocontain deletions, insertions, or substitutions of amino acid residueswhich produce a silent change and result in a functionally equivalentHSEL. Deliberate amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis ofsimilarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity,hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues as long asthe biological activity of HSEL is retained. For example, negativelycharged amino acids may include aspartic acid and glutamic acid;positively charged amino acids may include lysine and arginine; andamino acids with unchargedpolar head groups having similarhydrophilicity values may include leucine, isoleucine, and valine;glycine and alanine; asparagine and glutamine; serine and threonine;phenylalanine and tyrosine.

Also included within the ;cope of the present invention are alleles ofthe genes encoding HSEL. As used herein, an “allele” or “allelicsequence” is an alternative form of the gene which may result from atleast one mutation in the nucleic acid sequence. Alleles may result inaltered mRNAs or polypeptides whose structure or function may or may notbe altered. Any given gene may have none, one, or many allelic forms.Common mutational changes which give rise to alleles are generallyascribed to natural deletions, additions, or substitutions ofnucleotides. Each of these types of changes may occur alone, or incombination with the others, one or more times in a given sequence.

Methods for DNA sequencing which are well known and generally availablein the art may be used to practice any embodiments of the invention. Themethods may employ such enzymes as the Klenow fragment of DNA polymeraseI, SEQUENCE DNA polymerase (US Biochemical Corp, Cleveland, Ohio), Taqpolymerase (Perkin Elmer), thermostable T7 polymerase (Amersham, ChicagoIll.), or combinations of recombinant polymerases and proofreadingexonucleases such as the ELONGASE amplification system (GIBCO/BRL,Gaithersburg, Md.). Preferably, the process is automated with machinessuch as the Hamilton MICROLAB 2200 (Hamilton, Reno, Nev.), Peltierthermal cycler (PTC200; MJ Research, Watertown, Mass.) and the ABI 377DNA sequencers (Perkin Elmer).

The nucleic acid sequences encoding HSEL may be extended utilizing apartial nucleotide sequence and employing various methods known in theart to detect upstream sequences such as promoters and regulatoryelements. For example, one method which may be employed,“restriction-site” PCR, uses universal primers to retrieve unknownsequence adjacent to a known locus (Sarkar, G. (1993) PCR MethodsApplic. 2:318-322). In particular, genomic DNA is first amplified in thepresence of primer to linker sequence and a primer specific to the knownregion. The amplified sequences are then subjected to a second round ofPCR with the same linker primer and another specific primer internal tothe first one. Products of each round of PCR are transcribed with anappropriate RNA polymerase and sequenced using reverse transcriptase.

Inverse PCR may also be used to amplify or extend sequences usingdivergent primers based on a known region (Triglia, T. et al. (1988)Nucleic Acids Res. 16:8186). The primers may be designed using OLIGO4.06 primer analysis software (National Biosciences Inc., Plymouth,Minn.), or another appropriate program, to be 22-30 nucleotides inlength, to have a GC content of 50% or more, and to anneal to the targetsequence at temperatures about 68°-72° C. The method uses severalrestriction enzymes to generate a suitable fragment in the known regionof a gene. The fragment is then circularized by intramolecular ligationand used as a PCR template.

Another method which may be used is capture PCR which involves PCRamplification of DNA fragments adjacent to a known sequence in human andyeast artificial chromosome DNA (Lagerstrom, M. et al. (1991) PCRMethods Applic. 1:111-119). In this method, multiple restriction enzymedigestions and ligations may also be used to place an engineereddouble-stranded sequence into an unknown portion of the DNA moleculebefore performing PCR.

Another method which may be used to retrieve unknown sequences is thatof Parker, J. D. et al. (1991; Nucleic Acids Res. 19:3055-3060).Additionally, one may use PCR, nested primers, and PROMOTERFINDERlibraries to walk in genomic DNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). Thisprocess avoids the need to screen libraries and is useful in findingintron/exon junctions.

When screening for full,length cDNAs, it is preferable to use librariesthat have been size-selected to include larger cDNAs. Also,random-primed libraries are preferable, in that they will contain moresequences which contain the 5′ regions of genes. Use of a randomlyprimed library may be especially preferable for situations in which anoligo d(T) library does not yield a full-length cDNA. Genomic librariesmay be useful for extension of sequence into the 5′ and 3′non-transcribed regulatory regions.

Capillary electrophoresis systems which are commercially available maybe used to analyze the size or confirm the nucleotide sequence ofsequencing or PCR products. In particular, capillary sequencing mayemploy flowable polymers for electrophoretic separation, four differentfluorescent dyes (one for each nucleotide) which are laser activated,and detection of the emitted wavelengths by a charge coupled devicecamera. Output/light intensity may be converted to electrical signalusing appropriate software (e.g. GENOTYPER and SEQUENCE NAVIGATORsoftware, Perkin Elmer) and the entire process from loading of samplesto computer analysis and electronic data display may be computercontrolled. Capillary electrophoresis is especially preferable for thesequencing of small pieces of DNA which might be present in limitedamounts in a particular sample.

In another embodiment of the invention, polynucleotide sequences orfragments thereof which encode HSEL, or fusion proteins or functionalequivalents thereof, may be used in recombinant DNA molecules to directexpression of HSEL in appropriate host cells. Due to the inherentdegeneracy of the genetic code, other DNA sequences which encodesubstantially the same or a functionally equivalent amino acid sequencemay be produced and these sequences may be used to clone and expressHSEL.

As will be understood by those of skill in the art, it may beadvantageous to produce HSEL-encoding nucleotide sequences possessingnon-naturally occurring codons. For example, codons preferred by aparticular prokaryotic or eukaryotic host can be selected to increasethe rate of protein expression or to produce a recombinant RNAtranscript having desirable properties, such as a half-life which islonger than that of a transcript generated from the naturally occurringsequence.

The nucleotide sequences of the present invention can be engineeredusing methods generally known in the art in order to alter HSEL encodingsequences for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to,alterations which modify the cloning, processing, and/or expression ofthe gene product. DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and PCRreassembly of gene fragments arid synthetic oligonucleotides may be usedto engineer the nucleotide sequences. For example, site-directedmutagenesis may be used to insert new restriction sites, alterglycosylation patterns, change codon preference, produce splicevariants, or introduce mutations, and so forth.

In another embodiment of the invention, natural, modified, orrecombinant nucleic acid sequences encoding HSEL may be ligated to aheterologous sequence to encode a fusion protein. For example, to screenpeptide libraries for inhibitors of HSEL activity, it may be useful toencode a chimeric HSEL protein that can be recognized by a commerciallyavailable antibody. A fusion protein may also be engineered to contain acleavage site located between the HSEL encoding sequence and theheterologous protein sequence, so that HSEL may be cleaved and purifiedaway from the heterologous moiety.

In another embodiment, sequences encoding HSEL may be synthesized, inwhole or in part, using chemical methods well known in the art (seeCaruthers, M. H. et al. (1980) Nucl. Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 7:2315-223,Horn, T. et al. (1980) Nucl. Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 7:225-232).Alternatively, the protein itself may be produced using chemical methodsto synthesize the amino acid sequence of HSEL, or a portion thereof. Forexample, peptide synthesis can be performed using various solid-phasetechniques (Roberge, J. Y. et al. (1995) Science 269:202-204) andautomated synthesis may be achieved, for example, using the ABI 431 Apeptide synthesizer (Perkin Elmer).

The newly synthesized peptide may be substantially purified bypreparative high performance liquid chromatography (e.g., Creighton, T.(1983) Proteins, Structures and Molecular Principles, WH Freeman andCo., New York, N.Y.). The composition of the synthetic peptides may beconfirmed by amino acid analysis or sequencing (e.g., the Edmandegradation procedure; Creighton, supra). Additionally, the amino acidsequence of HSEL, or any part thereof, may be altered during directsynthesis and/or combined using chemical methods with sequences fromother proteins, or any part thereof, to produce a variant polypeptide.

In order to express a biologically active HSEL, the nucleotide sequencesencoding HSEL or functional equivalent, may be inserted into appropriateexpression vector. i.e., a vector which contains the necessary elementsfor the transcription and translation of the inserted coding sequence.

Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art may be used toconstruct expression vectors containing sequences encoding HSEL andappropriate transcriptional and translational control elements. Thesemethods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetictechniques, and in vivo genetic recombination. Such techniques aredescribed in Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning, A LaboratoryManual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y., and Ausubel, F. M. etal. (1989) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons,New York, N.Y.

A variety of expression vector/host systems may be utilized to containand express sequences encoding HSEL. These include, but are not limitedto, microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinantbacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeasttransformed with yeast expression vectors; insect cell systems infectedwith virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus); plant cell systemstransformed with virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaicvirus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expressionvectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids); or animal cell systems.

The “control elements” or “regulatory sequences” are thosenon-translated regions of the vector—enhancers, promoters, 5′ and 3′untranslated regions—which interact with host cellular proteins to carryout transcription and translation. Such elements may vary in theirstrength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and hostutilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements,including constitutive and inducible promoters, may be used. Forexample, when cloning in bacterial systems, inducible promoters such asthe hybrid lacZ promoter of the BLUESCRIPT phagemid (Stratagene,LaJolla, Calif,) or PSPORT1 plasmid (Gibco BRL) and the like may beused. The baculovirus polyhedrin promoter may be used in insect cells.Promoters or enhancers derived from the genomes of plant cells (e.g.,heat shock, RUBISCO; and storage protein genes) or from plant viruses(e.g., viral promoters or leader sequences) may be cloned into thevector. In mammalian cell systems, promoters from mammalian genes orfrom mammalian viruses are preferable. If it is necessary to g;generatea cell line that contains multiple copies of the sequence encoding HSEL,vectors based on SV40 or EBV may be used with an appropriate selectablemarker.

In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors may be selecteddepending upon the use intended for HSEL. For example, when largequantities of HSEL are needed for the induction of antibodies, vectorswhich direct high level expression of fusion proteins that are readilypurified may be used. Such vectors include, but are not limited to, themultifunctional E. coli cloning and expression vectors such asBLUESCRIPT phagemid (Stratagene), in which the sequence encoding HSELmay be ligated into the vector in frame with sequences for theamino-terminal Met and the subsequent 7 residues of β-galactosidase sothat a hybrid protein is produced; pIN vectors (Van Heeke, G. and S. M.Schuster ( 1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:5503-5509); and the like. pGEXvectors (Promega, Madison, Wis.) may also be used to express foreignpolypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). Ingeneral, such fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purifiedfrom lysed cells by adsorption to glutathione-agarose beads followed byelution in the presence of free glutathione. Proteins made in suchsystems may be designed to include heparin, thrombin, or factor XAprotease cleavage sites so that the cloned polypeptide of interest canbe released from the GST moiety at will.

In the yeast, Saccharomyce cerevisiae, a number of vectors containingconstitutive or inducible promoters such as alpha factor, alcoholoxidase, and PGH may be used. For reviews, see Ausubel et al. (supra)and Grant et al. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 153:516-544.

In cases where plant expression vectors are used, the expression ofsequences encoding HSEL may be driven by any of a number of promoters.For example, viral promoters such as the 35S and 19S promoters of CaMVmay be used alone or in combination with the omega leader sequence fromTMV (Takamatsu, N. (1987) EMBO J. 6:307-311). Alternatively, plantpromoters such as the small subunit of RUBISCO or heat shock promotersmay be used (Coruzzi, G. et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:1671-1680; Broglie, R.et al. (1984) Science 224:838-843; and Winter, J. et al. (1991) ResultsProbl. Cell Differ. 17:85-105). These constructs can be introduced intoplant cells by direct DNA transformation or pathogen-mediatedtransfection. Such techniques are described in a number of generallyavailable reviews (see, for example, Hobbs, S. or Murry, L. E. in McGrawHill Yearbook do Science and Technology (1992) McGraw Hill, New York,N.Y.; pp. 191-196).

An insect system may also be used to express HSEL. For example, in onesuch system, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV)is used as a vector to express foreign genes in Spodoptera frugiperdacells or in Trichoplusia larvae. The sequences encoding HSEL may becloned into a non-essential region of the virus, such as the polyhedringene, and placed under control of the polyhedrin promoter. Successfulinsertion of HSEL will render the polyhedrin gene inactive and producerecombinant virus lacking coat protein. The recombinant viruses may thenbe used to infect, for example, S. frugiperda cells or Trichoplusialarvae in which HSEL may be expressed (Engelhard, E. K. et al. (1994)Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 91:3224-3227).

In mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expression systems maybe utilized. In cases where an adenovirus is used as an expressionvector, sequences encoding HSEL may be ligated into an adenovirustranscription/translation complex consisting of the late promoter andtripartite leader sequence. Insertion in a non-essential E1 or E3 regionof the viral genome may be used to obtain a viable virus which iscapable of expressing HSEL in infected host cells (Logan, J. and Shenk,T. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81:3655-3659). In addition,transcription enhancers, such as the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) enhancer,may be used to increase expression in mammalian host cells.

Specific initiation signals may also be used to achieve more efficienttranslation of sequences encoding HSEL. Such signals include the ATGinitiation codon and adjacent sequences. In cases where sequencesencoding HSEL, its initiation codon, and upstream sequences are insertedinto the appropriate expression vector, no additional transcriptional ortranslational control signals may be needed. However, in cases whereonly coding sequence, or a portion thereof, is inserted, exogenoustranslational control signals including the ATG initiation codon shouldbe provided. Furthermore, the initiation codon should be in the correctreading frame to ensure translation of the entire insert. Exogenoustranslational elements and initiation codons may be of various origins,both natural and synthetic. The efficiency of expression may be enhancedby the inclusion of enhancers which are appropriate for the particularcell system which is used, such as those described in the literature(Scharf, D. et al. (1994) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 20:125-162).

In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen for its ability tomodulate the expression of the inserted sequences or to process theexpressed protein in the desired fashion. Such modifications of thepolypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation,glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation.Post-translational processing which cleaves a “prepro” form of theprotein may also be used to facilitate correct insertion, folding and/orfunction. Different host cells such as CHO, HeLa, MDCK, HEK293, andWI38, which have specific cellular machinery and characteristicmechanisms for such post-translational activities, may be chosen toensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein.

For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stableexpression is preferred. For example, cell lines which stably expressHSEL may be transformed using expression vectors which may contain viralorigins of replication and/or endogenous expression elements and aselectable marker gene on the same or on a separate vector. Followingthe introduction of the vector, cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2days in an enriched media before they are switched to selective media.The purpose of the selectable marker is to confer resistance toselection, and its presence allows growth and recovery of cells whichsuccessfully express the introduced sequences. Resistant clones ofstably transformed cells may be proliferated using tissue culturetechniques appropriate to the cell type.

Any number of selection systems may be used to recover transformed celllines. These include, but are not limited to, the herpes simplex virusthymidine kinase (Wigler, M. et al. (1977) Cell 11:223-32) and adeninephosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy, I. et al. (1980) Cell 22:817-23) geneswhich can be employed in tk or aprt cells, respectively. Also,antimetabolite, antibiotic or herbicide resistance can be used as thebasis for selection: for example., dhfr which confers resistance tomethotrexate (Wigler, M. et at. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.77:3567-70); npt, which confers resistance to the aminoglycosidesneomycin and G-418 (Colbere-Garapin, F. et al (1981) J. Mol. Biol.150:1-14) and als or pat, which confer resistance to chlorsulfuron andphosphinotricin-acetyltransferase, respectively (Murry, supra).Additional selectable genes have been described, for example, trpB,which allows cells to utilize indole in place of tryptolphan, or hisD,which allows cells to utilize histinol in place of histidine (Hartman,S. C. and R. C. Mulligan (1988) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 85:8047-51).Recently, the use of visible markers has gained popularity with suchmarkers as anthocyanins, β glucuronidase and its substrate GUS, andluciferase and its substrate luciferin, being widely used not only toidentify transformants, but also to quantify the amount of transient orstable protein expression attributable to a specific vector system.(Rhodes, C. A. et al. (1995) Methods Mol. Biol. 55:121-131).

Although the presence/absence of marker gene expression suggests thatthe gene of interest is also present, its presence and expression mayneed to be confirmed. For example, if the sequence encoding HSEL isinserted within a marker gene sequence, recombinant cells containingsequences encoding HSEL can be identified by the absence of marker genefunction. Alternatively, a marker gene can be placed in tandem with asequence encoding HSEL under the control of a single promoter.Expression of the marker gene in response to induction or selectionusually indicates expression of the tandem gene as well.

Alternatively, host cells which contain the nucleic acid sequenceencoding HSEL and express HSEL may be identified by a variety ofprocedures known to those of skill in the art. These procedures include,but are not limited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations and proteinbioassay or immunoassay techniques which include membrane, solution, orchip based technologies for the detection and/or quantification ofnucleic acid or protein.

The presence of polynucleotide sequences encoding HSEL can be detectedby DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization or amplification using probes orportions or fragments of polynucleotides encoding HSEL. Nucleic acidamplification based assays involve the use of oligonucleotides oroligomers based on the sequences encoding HSEL to detect transformantscontaining DNA or RNA encoding HSEL. As used herein “oligonucleotides”or “oligomers” refer to a nucleic acid sequence of at least about 10nucleotides and as many as about 60 nucleotides, preferably about 15 to30 nucleotides and more preferably about 20-25 nucleotides, which can beused as a probe or amplimer.

A variety of protocols for detecting and measuring the expression ofHSEL, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for theprotein are known in the art. Examples include enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and fluorescenceactivated cell sorting (FACS). A two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassayutilizing monoclonal antibodies; reactive to two non-interferingepitopes on HSEL is preferred, but a competitive birding assay may beemployed. These and other assays are described, among other places, inHampton, R. et al. (1990; Serological Methods, a Laboratory Manual, APSPress, St Paul, Minn.) and Maddox, D. E. et al. (1983; J. Exp. Med.158:1211-1216).

A wide variety of labels and conjugation techniques are known by thoseskilled in the art and may be used in various nucleic acid and aminoacid assays. Means for producing labeled hybridization or PCR probes fordetecting sequences related to polynucleotides encoding HSEL includeoligolabeling, nick translation, end-labeling or PCR amplification usinga labeled nucleotide. Alternatively, the sequences encoding HSEL, or anyportions thereof may be cloned into a vector for the production of anmRNA probe. Such vectors are known in the art, are commerciallyavailable, and may be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by additionof an appropriate RNA polymerase such as T7, T3, or SP6 and labelednucleotides. These procedures may be conducted using a variety ofcommercially available kits (Pharmacia & Upjohn, (Kalamazoo, Mich.);Promega (Madison Wis.); and U.S. Biochemical Corp., Cleveland, Ohio).Suitable reporter molecules or labels, which may be used, includeradionuclides, enzymes, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenicagents as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles,and the like.

Host cells transformed with nucleotide sequences encoding HSEL may becultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery ofthe protein from cell culture. The protein produced by a recombinantcell may be secreted or contained intracellularly depending on thesequence and/or the vector used. As will be understood by those of skillin the art, expression vectors containing polynucleotides which encodeHSEL may be designed to contain signal sequences which direct secretionof HSEL through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane. Otherrecombinant constructions may be used to join sequences encoding HSEL tonucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide domain which will facilitatepurification of soluble proteins. Such purification facilitating domainsinclude, but are not limited to, metal chelating pepitides such ashistidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilizedmetals, protein A domains that allow purification on immobilizedimmunoglobulin, and the domain utilized in the FLAG extension/affinitypurification system (Immunex Corp., Seattle, Wash.). The inclusion ofcleavable linker sequences such as those specific for Factor XA orenterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) between the purificationdomain and HSEL may be used to facilitate purification. One suchexpression vector provides for expression of a fusion protein containingHSEL and a nucleic acid encoding 6 histidine residues preceding athioredoxin or an enterokinase cleavage site. The histidine residuesfacilitate purification on IMIAC (immobilized metal ion affinitychromatography as described in Porath, J. et al. (1992, Prot. Exp.Purif. 3: 263-281) while the enterokinase cleavage site provides a meansfor purifying HSEL from the fusion protein. A discussion of vectorswhich contain fusion proteins is provided in Kroll, D. J. et al. (1993;DNA Cell Biol. 12:441-453).

In addition to recombinant production, fragments of HSEL may be producedby direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques Merrifield J.(1963) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:2149-2154). Protein synthesis may beperformed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesismay be achieved, for example, using Applied Biosystems 431A peptidesynthesizer (Perkin Elmer). Various fragments of HSEL may be chemicallysynthesized separately and combined using chemical methods to producethe full length molecule.

THERAPEUTICS

Chemical and structural homology exists between HSEL and rat skeletalmuscle protein selenoprotein. In addition, Northern analysis of HSELshows that most of the libraries containing HSEL transcripts are derivedfrom cancerous or transformed cells. Therefore, HSEL appears to plan arole in protecting a subject from the development of cancer.

Therefore, in one embodiment, HSEL or a fragment or derivative thereofmay be administered to a subject to treat or prevent cancer. Types ofcancer may include, but are not limited to, cancers of the prostate,breast, ovary, colon, bladder, penis, stomach, pancreas, adrenal gland,brain, and lung.

In another embodiment, a vector capable of expressing HSEL, or afragment or a derivative thereof, may also be administered to a subjectto treat the types of cancer listed above.

In another embodiment, agonists which are specific for HSEL may beadministered to a subject to modulate the expression of HSEL to treatthe types of cancer listed above.

Antibodies which are specific for HSEL may be used as a targeting ordelivery mechanism for bringing a pharmaceutical agent to cells ortissue which express HSEL.

In other embodiments, any of the therapeutic proteins, antagonists,antibodies, agonists, antisense sequences or vectors described above maybe administered in combination with other appropriate therapeuticagents. Selection of the appropriate agents for use in combinationtherapy may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art, according toconventional pharmaceutical principles. The combination of therapeuticagents may act synergistically to effect the treatment or prevention ofthe various disorders described above. Using this approach, one may beable to achieve therapeutic efficacy with lower dosages of each agent,thus reducing the potential for adverse side effects.

Antagonists or inhibitors of HSEL may be produced using methods whichare generally known in the art. In particular, purified HSEL may be usedto produce antibodies or to screen libraries of pharmaceutical agents toidentify those which specifically bind HSEL.

Antibodies to HSEL may be generated using methods that are well known inthe art. Such antibodies may include, but are not limited to,polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain, Fab fragments, andfragments produced by a Fab expression library. Neutralizing antibodies,(i.e., those which inhibit dimer formation) are especially preferred fortherapeutic use.

For the production of antibodies, various hosts including goats,rabbits, rats, mice, humans, and others, may be immunized by injectionwith HSEL or any fragment or oligopeptide thereof which has immunogenicproperties. Depending on the host species, various adjuvants may be usedto increase immunological response. Such adjuvants include, but are notlimited to, Freund's, mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, andsurface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols,polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, anddinitrophenol. Among adjuvants used in humans. BCG (bacilliCalmette-Guerin) and Corynebacterium parvum are especially preferable.

It is preferred that the peptides, fragments, or oligopeptides used toinduce antibodies to HSEL have an amino acid sequence consisting of atleast five amino acids, and more preferably at least 10 amino acids. Itis also preferable that they are identical to a portion of the aminoacid sequence of the natural protein, and they may contain the entireamino acid sequence of a small, naturally occurring molecule. Shortstretches of HSEL amino acids may be fused with those of another proteinsuch as keyhole limpet hemocyanin and antibody produced against thechimeric molecule.

Monoclonal antibodies to HSEL may be prepared using any technique whichprovides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous celllines in culture. These include, but are not limited to, the hybridomatechnique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique, and the EBV-hybridomatechnique (Kohler, G. et al. (1975) Nature 256:495-497; Kozbor, D. etal. (1985) J. Immunol. Methods 81:31-42; Cote, R. J. et al. (1983) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. 80:2026-2030; Cole, S. P. et al. (1984) Mol. Cell Biol.62:109-120).

In addition, techniques developed for the production of “chimericantibodies”, the splicing of mouse antibody genes to human antibodygenes to obtain a molecule with appropriate antigen specificity andbiological activity can be used (Morrison, S. L. et al. (1984) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. 81:6851-6855; Neuberger, M. S. et al. (1984) Nature312:604-608; Takeda, S. et al. (1985) Nature 314:452-454).Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single chainantibodies may be adapted, using methods known in the art, to produceHSEL-specific single chain antibodies. Antibodies with relatedspecificity, but of distinct idiotypic composition, may be generated bychain shuffling from random combinatorial immunoglobulen libraries(Burton D. R. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88:11120-3).

Antibodies may also be produced by inducing in vivo production in thelymphocyte population or by screening recombinant immunoglobulinlibraries or panels of highly specific binding reagents as disclosed inthe literature (Orlandi, R. et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86:3833-3837; Winter, G. et al. (1991) Nature 349:293-299).

Antibody fragments which contain specific binding sites for HSEL mayalso be generated. For example, such fragments include, but are notlimited to, the F(ab′)2 fragments which can be produced by pepsindigestion of the antibody molecule and the Fab fragments which can begenerated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab′)2 fragments.Alternatively, Fab expression libraries may be constructed to allowrapid and easy identification of monoclonal Fab fragments with thedesired specificity (Huse, W. D. et al. (1989) Science 254:1275-1281).

Various immunoassays may be used for screening to identify antibodieshaving the desired specificity. Numerous protocols for competitivebinding or immunoradiometric assays using either polyclonal ormonoclonal antibodies with established specificities are well known inthe art. Such immunoassays typically involve the measurement of complexformation between HSEL and its specific antibody. A two-site,monoclonal-based immunoassay utilizing monoclonal antibodies reactive totwo non-interfering HSEL epitopes is preferred, but a competitivebinding assay may also be employed (Maddox, supra).

In another embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotides encodingHSEL, or any fragment thereof, or antisense molecules, may be used fortherapeutic purposes. In one aspect, antisense to the polynucleotideencoding HSEL may be used in situations in which it would be desirableto block the transcription of the mRNA. In particular, cells may betransformed with sequences complementary to polynucleotides encodingHSEL. Thus, antisense molecules may be used to modulate HSEL activity,or to achieve regulation of gene function. Such technology is now wellknown in the art, and sense or antisense oligomers or larger fragments,can be designed from various locations along the coding or controlregions of sequences encoding HSEL.

Expression vectors derived from retro viruses, adenovirus, herpes orvaccinia viruses, or from various bacterial plasmids may be used fordelivery of nucleotide sequences to the targeted organ, tissue or cellpopulation Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art canbe used to constructs recombinant vectors which will express antisensemolecules complementary to the polynucleotides of the gene encodingHSEL. These techniques are described both in Sambrook et al. (supra) andin Ausubel et al. (supra).

Genes encoding HSEL can be turned off by transforming a cell or tissuewith expression vectors which express high levels of a polynucleotide orfragment thereof which encodes HSEL. Such constructs may be used tointroduce untranslatable sense or antisense sequences into a cell. Evenin the absence of integration into the DNA, such vectors may continue totranscribe RNA molecules until they are disabled by endogenousnucleases. Transient expression may last for a month or more with anon-replicating vector and even longer if appropriate replicationelements are part of the vector system.

As mentioned above, modifications of gene expression can be obtained bydesigning antisense molecules, DNA, RNA, or PNA, to the control regionsof the gene encoding HSEL, i.e., the promoters, enhancers, and introns.Oligonucleotides derived from the transcription initiation site, e.g.,between positions −10 and +10 from the start site, are preferred.Similarly, inhibition can be achieved using “triple helix” base-pairingmethodology. Triple helix pairing is useful because it causes inhibitionof the ability of the double helix to open sufficiently for the bindingof polymerases, transcription factors, or regulatory molecules. Recenttherapeutic advances using triplex DNA have been described in theliterature (Gee, J. E. et al. (1994) In: Huber, B. E. and B. I. Carr,Molecular and Immunologic Approaches, Futura Publishing Co., Mt. Kisco,N.Y.). The antisense molecules may also be designed to block translationof mRNA by preventing the transcript from binding to ribosomes.

Ribozymes, enzymatic RNA molecules, may also be used to catalyze thespecific cleavage of RNA. The mechanism of ribozyme action involvessequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule tocomplementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage. Exampleswhich may be used include engineered hammerhead motif ribozyme moleculesthat can specifically and efficiently catalyze endonucleolytic cleavageof sequences encoding HSEL.

Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within any potential RNA target areinitially identified by scanning the target molecule for ribozymecleavage sites which include the following sequences: GUA, GUU, and GUC.Once identified, short RNA sequences of between 15 and 20ribonucleotides corresponding to the region of the target genecontaining the cleavage site may be evaluated for secondary structuralfeatures which may render the oligonucleotide inoperable. Thesuitability of candidate targets may also be evaluated by testingaccessibility to hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides usingribonuclease protection assays.

Antisense molecules arid ribozymes of the invention may be prepared byany method known in the art for the synthesis of nucleic acid molecules.These include techniques for chemically synthesizing oligoriucleotidessuch as solid phase phosphoramidite chemical synthesis. Alternatively,RNA molecules may be generated by in vitro and in vivo transcription ofDNA sequences encoding HSEL. Such DNA sequences may be incorporated intoa wide variety of vectors with suitable RNA polymerase promoters such asT7 or SP6. Alternatively, these cDNA constructs that synthesizeantisense RNA constitutively or inducibly can be introduced into celllines, cells, or tissues.

RNA molecules may be modified to increase intracellular stability andhalf-life. Possible modifications include, but are not limited to, theaddition of flanking sequences at the 5′ and/or 3′ ends of the moleculeor the use of phosphorothioate or 2′ O-methyl rather thanphosphodiesterase linkages within the backbone of the molecule. Thisconcept is inherent in the production of PNAs and can be extended in allof these molecules by the inclusion of nontraditional bases such asinosine, queosine, and wybutosine, as well as acetyl-, methyl-, thio-,and similarly modified forms of adenine, cytidine, guanine, thymine, anduridine which are not as easily recognized by endogenous endonucleases.

Many methods for introducing vectors into cells or tissues are availableand equally suitable for use in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo. For ex vivotherapy, vectors may be introduced into stem cells taken from thepatient and clonally propagated for autologous transplant back into thatsame patient. Delivery by transfection and by liposome injections may beachieved using methods which are well known in the art.

Any of the therapeutic methods described above may be applied to anysubject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such asdogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably, humans.

An additional embodiment of the invention relates to the administrationof a pharmaceutical composition, in conjunction with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, for any of the therapeutic effects discussed above.Such pharmaceutical compositions may consist of HSEL, antibodies toHSEL, mimetics, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of HSEL. Thecompositions may be administered alone or in combination with at leastone other agent, such as stabilizing compound, which may be administeredin any sterile, biocompatible pharmaceutical carrier, including, but notlimited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, and water. Thecompositions may be administered to a patient alone, or in combinationwith other agents, drugs or hormones.

The pharmaceutical compositions utilized in this invention may beadministered by any number of routes including, but not limited to,oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary,intrathecal, intraventricular, transdermal, subcutaneous,intraperitoneal, intranasal, enteral, topical, sublingual, or rectalmeans.

In addition to the active ingredients, these pharmaceutical compositionsmay contain suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers comprisingexcipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the activecompounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Furtherdetails on techniques for formulation and administration may be found inthe latest edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (MaackPublishing Co., Easton, Pa.).

Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration can be formulatedusing pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art indosages suitable for oral administration. Such carriers enable thepharmaceutical compositions to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees,capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and the like,for ingestion by the patient.

Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained throughcombination of active compounds with solid excipient, optionallygrinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules,after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets ordragee cores. Suitable excipients are carbohydrate or protein fillers,such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol;starch from corn, wheat, rice, potato, or other plants; cellulose, suchas methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, or sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose; gums including arabic and tragacanth; andproteins such as gelatin and collagen. If desired, disintegrating orsolubilizing agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, agar, alginic acid, or a salt thereof, such as sodiumalginate.

Dragee cores may be used in conjunction with suitable coatings, such asconcentrated sugar solutions, which may also contain gum arabic, talc,polyvinylpyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titaniumdioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solventmixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or drageecoatings for product identification or to characterize the quantity ofactive compound, i.e., dosage.

Pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include push-fitcapsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made ofgelatin and a coating, such as glycerol or sorbitol. Push-fit capsulescan contain active ingredients mixed with a filler or binders, such aslactose or starches, lubricants, such as talc or magnesium stearate,and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds maybe dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils,liquid, or liquid polyethylene glycol with or without stabilizers.

Pharmaceutical formulations suitable for parenteral administration maybe formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologicallycompatible buffers such as Hawks' solution, Ringer's solution, orphysiologically buffered saline. Aqueous injection suspensions maycontain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, suchas sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Additionally,suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oilyinjection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles includefatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such asethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Optionally, the suspensionmay also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase thesolubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highlyconcentrated solutions.

For topical or nasal administration, penetrants appropriate to theparticular barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Suchpenetrants are generally known in the art.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may bemanufactured in a manner that is known in the art, e.g., by means ofconventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating,emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or lyophilizing processes.

The pharmaceutical composition may be provided as a salt and can beformed with many acids, including but not limited to, hydrochloric,sulfuric, acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, succinic, etc. Salts tend tobe more soluble in aqueous or other protonic solvents than are thecorresponding free base forms. In other cases, the preferred preparationmay be a lyophilized powder which may contain any or all of thefollowing: 1-50 mM histidine, 0.1%-2% sucrose, and 2-7% mannitol, at apH range of 4.5 to 5.5, that is combined with buffer prior to use.

After pharmaceutical compositions have been prepared, they can be placedin an appropriate container and labeled for treatment of an indicatedcondition. For administration of HSEL, such labeling would includeamount, frequency, and method of administration.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use in the invention includecompositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in aneffective amount to achieve the intended purpose. The determination ofan effective dose is well within the capability of those skilled in theart.

For any compound, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimatedinitially either in cell culture assays, e.g., of neoplastic cells, orin animal models, usually mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animal modelmay also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range androute of administration. Such information can then be used to determineuseful doses and routes for administration in humans.

A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of activeingredient, for example HSEL or fragments thereof, antibodies of HSEL,agonists, antagonists or inhibitors of HSEL, which ameliorates thesymptoms or condition. Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity may bedetermined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures orexperimental animals, e.g., ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in50% of the population) and LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of thepopulation). The dose ratio between therapeutic and toxic effects is thetherapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD50/ED50.Pharmaceutical compositions which exhibit large therapeutic indices arepreferred. The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studiesis used in formulating a range of dosage for human use. The dosagecontained in such compositions is preferably within a range ofcirculating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or notoxicity. The dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosageform employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route ofadministration.

The exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in light offactors related to the subject that requires treatment. Dosage andadministration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the activemoiety or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which may be takeninto account include the severity of the disease state, general healthof the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time andfrequency of administration, drug combination(s), reactionsensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. Long-actingpharmaceutical compositions may be administered every 3 to 4 days, everyweek, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rateof the particular formulation.

Normal dosage amounts may vary from 0.1 to 100,000 micrograms, up to atotal dose of about 1 g depending upon the route of administration.Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided inthe literature and generally available to practitioners in the art.Those skilled in the art will employ different formulations fornucleotides than for proteins or their inhibitors. Similarly, deliveryof polynucleotides or polypeptides will be specific to particular cells,conditions, locations, etc.

DIAGNOSTICS

In another embodiment, antibodies which specifically bind HSEL may beused for the diagnosis of conditions or diseases characterized byexpression of HSEL, or in assays to monitor patients being treated withHSEL, agonists, antagonists or inhibitors. The antibodies useful fordiagnostic purposes may be prepared in the same manner as thosedescribed above for therapeutics. Diagnostic assays for HSEL includemethods which utilize the antibody and a label to detect HSEL in humanbody fluids or extracts of cells or tissues. The antibodies may be usedwith or without modification, and may be labeled by joining them, eithercovalently or non-covalently, with a reporter molecule. A wide varietyof reporter molecules which are known in the art may be used, several ofwhich are described above.

A variety of protocols including ELISA, RIA, and FACS for measuring HSELare known in the art and provide a basis for diagnosing altered orabnormal levels of HSEL expression. Normal or standard values for HSELexpression are established by combining body fluids or cell extractstaken from normal mammalian subjects, preferably human, with antibody toHSEL under conditions suitable for complex formation. The amount ofstandard complex formation may be quantified by various methods, butpreferably by photometric, means. Quantities of HSEL expressed insubject samplers control and disease, from biopsied tissues are comparedwith the standard values. Deviation between standard and subject valuesestablishes the parameters for diagnosing disease.

In another embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotides encodingHSEL may be used for diagnostic purposes. The polynucleotides which maybe used include oligonucleotide sequences, antisense RNA and DNAmolecules, and PNAs. The polynucleotides may be used to detect andquantitate gene expression in biopsied tissues in which expression ofHSEL may be correlated with disease. The diagnostic assay may be used todistinguish between absence, presence, and excess expression of HSEL,and to monitor regulation of HSEL levels during therapeuticintervention.

In one aspect, hybridization with PCR probes which are capable ofdetecting polynucleotide sequences, including genomic sequences,encoding HSEL or closely related molecules, may be used to identifynucleic acid sequences which encode HSEL. The specificity of the probe,whether it is made from a highly specific region, e.g., 10 uniquenucleotides in the 5′ regulatory region, or a less specific region,e.g., especially in the 3′ coding region, and the stringency of thehybridization or amplification (maximal, high, intermediate, or low)will determine whether the probe identifies only naturally occurringsequences encoding HSEL, alleles, or related sequences.

Probes may also be used for the detection of related sequences, andshould preferably contain at least 50% of the nucleotides from any ofthe HSEL encoding sequences. The hybridization probes of the subjectinvention may be DNA or RNA and derived from the nucleotide sequence ofSEQ ID NO:2 or from genomic sequence including promoter, enhancerelements, and introns of the naturally occurring HSEL.

Means for producing specific hybridization probes for DNAs encoding HSELinclude the cloning of nucleic acid sequences encoding HSEL or HSELderivatives into vectors for the production of mRNA probes. Such vectorsare known in the art, commercially available, and may be used tosynthesize RNA probes in vitro by means of the addition of theappropriate RNA polymerases and the appropriate labeled nucleotides.Hybridization probes may be labeled by a variety of reporter groups, forexample, radionuclides such as 32P or 35S, or enzymatic labels, such asalkaline phosphatase coupled to the probe via avidin/biotin couplingsystems, and the like.

Polynucleotide sequences encoding HSEL may be used for the diagnosis ofconditions or diseases which are associated with expression of HSEL.Examples of such conditions or diseases include cancers of the prostate,breast, ovary, colon, bladder, penis, stomach, pancreas, adrenal gland,brain, and lung. The polynucleotide sequences encoding HSEL may be usedin Southern or northern analysis, dot blot, or other membrane-basedtechnologies; in PCR technologies; or in dip stick, pin, ELISA or chipassays utilizing fluids or tissues from patient biopsies to detectaltered HSEL expression. Such qualitative or quantitative methods arewell known in the art.

In a particular aspect, the nucleotide sequences encoding HSEL may beuseful in assays that detect activation or induction of various cancers,particularly those mentioned above. The nucleotide sequences encodingHSEL may be labeled by standard methods, and added to a fluid or tissuesample from a patient under conditions suitable for the formation ofhybridization complexes. After a suitable incubation period, the sampleis washed and the signal is quantitated and compared with a standardvalue. If the amount of signal in the biopsied or extracted sample issignificantly altered from that of a comparable control sample, thenucleotide sequences have hybridized with nucleotide sequences in thesample, and the presence of altered levels of nucleotide sequencesencoding HSEL in the sample indicates the presence of the associateddisease. Such assays may also be used to evaluate the efficacy of aparticular therapeutic treatment regiment in animal studies, in clinicaltrials, or in monitoring the treatment of an individual patient.

In order to provide a basis for the diagnosis of disease associated withexpression of HSEL, a normal or standard profile for expression isestablished. This may be accomplished by combining body fluids or cellextracts taken from normal subjects, either animal or human, with asequence, or a fragment thereof, which encodes HSEL, under conditionssuitable for hybridization or amplification. Standard hybridization maybe quantified by comparing the values obtained from normal subjects withthose from an experiment where a known amount of a substantiallypurified polynucleotide is used. Standard values obtained from normalsamples may be compared with values obtained from samples from patientswho are symptomatic for disease. Deviation between standard and subjectvalues is used to establish the presence of disease.

Once disease is established and a treatment protocol is initiated,hybridization assays may be repeated on a regular basis to evaluatewhether the level of expression in the patient begins to approximatethat which is observed in the normal patient. The results obtained fromsuccessive assays may be used to show the efficacy of treatment over aperiod ranging from several days to months.

With respect to cancer, the presence of a relatively high amount oftranscript in biopsied tissue from an individual may indicate apredisposition for the development of the disease, or may provide ameans for detecting the disease prior to the appearance of actualclinical symptoms. A more definitive diagnosis of this type may allowhealth professionals to employ preventative measures or aggressivetreatment earlier thereby preventing the development or furtherprogression of the cancer.

Is Additional diagnostic uses for oligonucleotides designed from thesequences encoding HSEL may involve the use of PCR. Such oligomers maybe chemically synthesized, generated enzymatically, or produced from arecombinant source. Oligomers will preferably consist of two nucleotidesequences, one with sense orientation (5′−>3′) and another withantisense (3′<−5′), employed under optimized conditions foridentification of a specific gene or condition. The same two oligomers,nested sets of oligomers, or even a degenerate pool of oligomers may beemployed under less stringent conditions for detection and/orquantitation of closely related DNA or RNA sequences.

Methods which may also be used to quantitate the expression of HSELinclude radiolabeling or biotinylating nucleotides, coamplification of acontrol nucleic acid, and standard curves onto which the experimentalresults are interpolated (Melby, P. C. et al. (1993) J. Immunol.Methods, 159:235-244; Duplaa, C. et al. (1993) Anal. Biochem.212:229-236). The speed of quantilation of multiple samples may beaccelerated by running the assay in an ELISA format where the oligomerof interest is presented in various dilutions and a spectrophotometricor colorimetric response gives rapid quantitation.

In another embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acid sequences whichencode HSEL may also be used to generate hybridization probes which areuseful for mapping the naturally occurring genomic sequence. Thesequences may be mapped to a particular chromosome or to a specificregion of the chromosome using well known techniques. Such techniquesinclude FISH, FACS, or artificial chromosome constructions, such asyeast artificial chromosomes, bacterial artificial chromosomes,bacterial P1 constructions or single chromosome cDNA libraries asreviewed in Price, C. M. (1993) Blood Rev. 7:127-134, and Trask, B. J.(1991) Trends Genet. 7:149-154.

FISH (as described in Verma et al. (1988) Human Chromosomes: A Manual ofBasic Techniques, Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y.) may be correlated withother physical chromosome mapping techniques and genetic map data.Examples of genetic map data can be found in the 1994 Genome Issue ofScience (265:1981f). Correlation between the location of the geneencoding HSEL on a physical chromosomal map and a specific disease, orpredisposition to a specific disease, may help delimit the region of DNAassociated with that genetic disease. The nucleotide sequences of thesubject invention may be used to detect differences in gene sequencesbetween normal, carrier, or affected individuals.

In situ hybridization of chromosomal preparations and physical mappingtechniques such as linkage analysis using, established chromosomalmarkers may be used for extending genetic maps. Often the placement of agene on the chromosome of another mammalian species, such as mouse, mayreveal associated markers even if the number or arm of a particularhuman chromosome is not known. New sequences can be assigned tochromosomal arms, or parts thereof, by physical mapping. This providesvaluable information to investigators searching for disease genes usingpositional cloning or other gene discovery techniques. Once the diseaseor syndrome has been crudely localized by genetic linkage to aparticular genomic region, for example, AT to 11q22-23 (Gatti, R. A. etal. (1988) Nature 336:577-580), any sequences mapping to that area mayrepresent associated or regulatory genes for further investigation. Thenucleotide sequence of the subject invention may also be used to detectdifferences in the chromosomal location due to translocation, inversion,etc. among normal, carrier, or affected individuals.

In another embodiment of the invention, HSEL, its catalytic orimmunogenic fragments or oligopeptides thereof, can be used forscreening libraries of compounds in any of a variety of drug screeningtechniques. The fragment employed in such screening may be free insolution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface, orlocated intracellularly. The formation of binding complexes, betweenHSEL and the agent being tested, may be measured.

Another technique for drug screening which may be used provides for highthroughput screening of compounds having suitable binding affinity tothe protein of interest as described in published PCT applicationWO84/03564. In this method, as applied to HSEL, large numbers ofdifferent small test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate,such as plastic pins or some other surface. The test compounds arereacted with HSEL, or fragments thereof, and washed. Bound HSEL is thendetected by methods well known in the art. Purified HSEL can also becoated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drug screeningtechniques. Alternatively, non-neutralizing antibodies can be used tocapture the peptide and immobilize it on a solid support.

In another embodiment, one may use competitive drug screening assays inwhich neutralizing antibodies capable of binding HSEL specificallycompete with a test compound for binding HSEL. In this manner, theantibodies can be used to detect the presence of any peptide whichshares one or more antigenic determinants with HSEL.

In additional embodiments, the nucleotide sequences which encode HSELmay be used in any molecular biology techniques that have yet to bedeveloped, provided the new techniques rely on properties of nucleotidesequences that are currently known, including, but not limited to, suchproperties as the triplet genetic code and specific base pairinteractions.

The examples below are provided to illustrate the subject invention andare not included for the purpose of limiting the invention.

EXAMPLES I BLADNOT03 cDNA Library Construction

The BLADNOT03 library was constructed using 1 microgram of polyA RNAisolated from the nontumorous bladder tissue removed from an 80-year-old(Caucasian female during a radical cystectomy and lymph node excision.Pathology for the associated tumor tissue indicated grade 3 invasivetransitional cell carcinoma on the posterior wall of the bladder, withextension into the trigone. The tumor was deeply invasive, extending toperivisceral fat and to within 0.8 cm of the vaginal mucosal margin.Distal urethral margins, right and left ureters, and the left pelviclymph node were negative for tumor. Patient history included malignantneoplasm of the uterus, benign hypertension, atherosclerosis, and atrialfibrillation. Previous surgeries included a bladder operation, totalabdominal hysterectomy, removal of both ovaries, partial thyroidectomy,division of thyroid isthmus, aortocoronary bypass of three coronaryarteries, and resection and replacement of abdominal aorta. Patientmedications included Coumadin (crystalline warfarin sodium), Klotrix(potassium chloride), Lasix (furosemide), digoxin, and atenolol. Thepatient also previously received 4,500 rads of uterine radiation.

The frozen tissue was homogenized and lysed using a Brinkmann POLYTRONhomogenize PT-3000 (Briniann Instruments, Westbury, N.J.) in guanidiniumisothiocyanate solution. The lysate was centrifuged over a 5.7 M CsClcushion using Beckman SW28 rotor in a Beckman L8-70M ultracentrifuge(Beckman Instruments) for 18 hours at 25,000 rpm at ambient temperature.The RNA was extracted with acid phenol pH 4.7, precipitated using 0.3 Msodium acetate and 2.5 volumes of ethanol, resuspended in RNAse-freewater, and DNase treated at 37° C. Extraction and precipitation wererepeated as before. The mRNA was isolated with the OLIGOTEX kit (QIAGEN,Inc.; Chatsworth, Calif.) and used to construct the cDNA library.

The mRNA was handled according to the recommended protocols in theSUPERSCRIPT plasmid system (Cat. #181248-013 Gibco BRL GaithersburgMd.). BLADNOT03 cDNAs were fractionated on a SEPHAROSE CL4B column (Cat.#275105-01, Pharmacia), and those cDNAs exceeding 400 bp were ligatedinto pINCY I. The plasmid pINCY I was subsequently transformed into DH5αcompetent cells (Cat. #18258-012, Gibco BRL).

II Isolation and Sequencing of cDNA Clones

Plasmid DNA was released from the cells and purified using the REAL PREP96-well plasmid purification kit (Catalog #26173; QIAGEN, Inc.). Thiskit enabled the simultaneous purification of 96 samples in a 96-wellblock using multi-channel reagent dispensers. The recommended protocolwas employed except for the following changes: 1) the bacteria werecultured in 1 ml of sterile Terrific Broth (Catalog #22711, LIFETECHNOLOGIES™, Gaithersburg, Md.) with carbenicillin at 25 mg/L andglycerol at 0.4%; 2) after inoculation, the cultures were incubated for19 hours and at the end of incubation, the cells were lysed with 0.3 mlof lysis 5 buffer, and 3) following isopropanol precipitation, theplasmid DNA pellet was resuspended in 0.1 ml of distilled water. Afterthe last step in the protocol, samples were transferred to a 96-wellblock for storage at 4° C.

The cDNAs were sequenced by the method of Sanger F. and A. R. Coulson(1975, J. Mol. Biol. 94:441f), using a Himilton MICROLAB 2200 (Hamilton,Reno Nev.) in combination with four Peltier thermal cyclers (PTC200 fromMJ Research, Watertown Mass.) and Applied Biosystems 377 or 373 DNAsequencing systems (Perkin Elmer) and reading frame was determined.

III Homology Searching of cDNA Clones and Their Deduced Proteins

Each cDNA was compared to sequences in GenBank using a search algorithmdeveloped by Applied Biosystems and incorporated into the INHERIT 670sequence analysis system. In this algorithm, Pattern SpecificationLanguage (TRW Inc, Los Angeles, Calif.) was used to determine regions ofhomology. The three parameters that determine how the sequencecomparisons run were window size, window offset, and error tolerance.Using a combination of these three parameters, the DNA database wassearched for sequences containing regions of homology to the querysequence, and the appropriate sequences were scored with an initialvalue. Subsequently, these homologous regions were examined using dotmatrix homology plots to distinguish regions of homology from chancematches. Smith-Waterman alignments were used to display the results ofthe homology search.

Peptide and protein sequence homologies were ascertained using theINHERIT™ sequence analysis system using the methods similar to thoseused in DNA sequence homologies. Pattern Specification Language andparameter windows were used to search protein databases for sequencescontaining regions of homology which were scored with an initial value.Dot-matrix homology plots were examined to distinguish regions ofsignificant homology from chance matches.

BLAST, which stands for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (Altschul, S.F. (1993) J. Mol. Evol. 36:290-300; Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol.215:403-410), was used to search for local sequence alignments. BLASTproduces alignments of both nucleotide and amino acid sequences todetermine sequence similarity. Because of the local nature of thealignments, BLAST is especially useful in determining exact matches orin identifying homologs. BLAST is useful for matches which do notcontain gaps. The fundamental unit of BLAST algorithm output is theHigh-scoring Segment Pair (HSP).

An HSP consists of two sequence fragments of arbitrary but equal lengthswhose alignment is locally maximal and for which the alignment scoremeets or exceeds a threshold or cutoff score set by the user. The BLASTapproach is to look for HSPs between a query sequence and a databasesequence, to evaluate the statistical significance of any matches found,and to report only those matches which satisfy the user-selectedthreshold of significance. The parameter E establishes the statisticallysignificant threshold for reporting database sequence matches. E isinterpreted as the upper bound of the expected frequency of chanceoccurrence of an HSP (or set of HSPs) within the context of the entiredatabase search. Any database sequence whose match satisfies E isreported in the program output.

IV Northern Analysis

Northern analysis is a laboratory technique used to detect the presenceof a transcript of a gene and involves the hybridization of a labelednucleotide sequence to a membrane on which RNAs from a particular celltype or tissue have been bound (Sambrook et al., supra).

Analogous computer techniques using BLAST (Altschul, S. F. 1993 and1990, supra) are used to search for identical or related molecules innucleotide databases such as GenBank or the LIFESEQ™ database (IncytePharmaceuticals). This analysis is much faster than multiple,membrane-based hybridizations. In addition, the sensitivity of thecomputer search can be modified to determine whether any particularmatch is categorized as exact or homologous.

The basis of the search is the product score which is defined as:

% sequence identity×% maximum BLAST score The product score takes intoaccount both the degree of similarity between two sequences and thelength of the sequence match. For example, with a product score of 40,the match will be exact within a 1-2% error; and at 70, the match willbe exact. Homologous molecules are usually identified by selecting thosewhich show product scores between 15 and 40, although lower scores mayidentify related molecules.

The results of northern analysis are reported as a list of libraries inwhich the transcript encoding HSEL occurs. Abundance and percentabundance are also reported. Abundance directly reflects the number oftimes a particular transcript is represented in a cDNA library, andpercent abundance is abundance divided by the total number of sequencesexamined in the cDNA library.

V Extension of HSEL-Encoding Polynucleotides to Full Length or toRecover Regulatory Sequences

Full length HSEL-encoding nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) is used todesign oligonucleotide primers for extending a partial nucleotidesequence to full length or for obtaining 5′ or 3′, intron or othercontrol sequences from genomic libraries. One primer is synthesized toinitiate extension in the antisense direction (XLR) and the other issynthesized to extend sequence in the sense direction (XLF). Primers areused to facilitate the extension of the known sequence “outward”generating amplicons containing new, unknown nucleotide sequence for theregion of interest. The initial primers are designed from the cDNA usingOLIGO 4.06 prime analysis software (National Biosciences), or anotherappropriate program, to be 22-30 nucleotides in length, to have a GCcontent of 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence attemperatures about 68°-72° C. Any stretch of nucleotides which wouldresult in hairpin structures and primer-primer dimerizations is avoided.

The original, selected cDNA libraries, or a human genomic library areused to extend the sequence; the latter is most useful to obtain 5′upstream regions. If more extension is necessary or desired, additionalsets of primers are designed to further extend the known region.

By following the instructions for the XL-PCR kit (Perkin Elmer) andthoroughly mixing the enzyme and reaction mix, high fidelityamplification is obtained. Beginning with 40 pmol of each primer and therecommended concentrations of all other components of the kit. PCR isperformed using the Peltier thermal cycler (PTC200; M.J. Research,Watertown. Mass.) and the following parameters:

Step 1 94° C. for 1 min (initial denaturation) Step 2 65° C. for 1 minStep 3 68° C. for 6 min Step 4 94° C. for 15 sec Step 5 65° C. for 1 minStep 6 68° C. for 7 min Step 7 Repeat step 4-6 for 15 additional cyclesStep 8 94° C. for 15 sec Step 9 65° C. for 1 min Step 10 68° C. for 7:15min Step 11 Repeat step 8-10 for 12 cycles Step 12 72° C. for 8 min Step13  4° C. (and holding)

A 5-10 μl aliquot of the reaction mixture is analyzed by electrophoresison a low concentration (about 0.6-0.8%) agarose mini-gel to determinewhich reactions were successful in extending the sequence. Bands thoughtto contain the largest products are selected and removed from the gel.Further purification involves using a commercial gel extraction methodsuch as QIAQUICK DNA purification kit (QIAGEN Inc., Chatsworth, Calif.).After recovery of the DNA, Kienow enzyme is used to trimsingle-stranded, nucleotide overhangs creating blunt ends whichfacilitate religation and cloning.

After ethanol precipitation, the products are redissolved in 13 μl ofligation buffer, 1 μl T4-DNA ligase (15 units) and 1 μl T4polynucleotide kinase are added, and the mixture is incubated at roomtemperature for 2-3 hours or overnight at 16° C. Competent E. coli cells(in 40 μl of appropriate media) are transformed with 3 μl of ligationmixture and cultured in 80 μl of SOC medium (Sambrook et al., supra).After incubation for one hour at 37° C., the whole transformationmixture is plated on Luria Bertani (LB)-agar (Sambrook et al., supra)containing 2× Carb. The following day, several colonies are randomlypicked from each plate and cultured in 150 μl of liquid LE/2× Carbmedium placed in an individual well of an appropriate,commercially-available, sterile 96-well microtiter plate. The followingday, 5 μl of each overnight culture is transferred into a non-sterile96-well plate and after dilution 1:10 with water, 5 μl of each sample istransferred into a PCR array.

For PCR amplification 18 μl of concentrated PCR reaction mix (3.3×)containing 4 units of rTth DNA polymerase, a vector primer, and one orboth of the gene specific primers used for the extension reaction areadded to each well. Amplification is performed using the followingconditions:

Step 1 94° C. for 60 sec Step 2 94° C. for 20 sec Step 3 55° C. for 30sec Step 4 72° C. for 90 sec Step 5 Repeat steps 2-4 for an additional29 cycles Step 6 72° C. for 180 sec Step 7  4° C. (and holding)

Aliquots of the PCR reactions are run on agarose gels together withmolecular weight markers. The sizes of the PCR products are compared tothe original partial cDNAs, and appropriate clones are selected, ligatedinto plasmid, and sequenced.

VI Labeling and Use of Hybridization Probes

Hybridization probes derived from SEQ ID NO:2 are employed to screencDNAs, genomic DNAs, or mRNAs. Although the labeling ofoligonucleotides, consisting of about 20 base-pairs, is specificallydescribed, essentially the same procedure is used with larger cDNAfragments. Oligonucleotides are designed using state-of-the-art softwaresuch as OLIGO 406 prime analysis software (National Biosciences),labeled by combining 50 pmol of each oligomer and 250 μCi of [γ−³²P]adenosine triphosphate (Amersham) and T4 polynucleotide kinase (DuPontNEN®, Boston, Mass.). The labeled oligonucleotides are substantiallypurified with SEPHADEX G-25 superfine resin column (Pharmacia & Upjohn).A portion containing 10⁷ counts per minute of each of the sense andantisense oligonucleotides is used in a typical membrane basedhybridization analysis of human genomic DNA digested with one of thefollowing endonucleases (Ase I, Bgl II, Eco RI, Pst I, Xba 1, or Pvu II;DuPont NEN®).

The DNA from each dig(st is fractionated on a 0.7 percent agarose geland transferred to nylon membranes (Nytran Plus, Schleicher & Schuell,Durham, N.H.). Hybridization is carried out for 16 hours at 40° C. Toremove nonspecific signals, blots are sequentially washed at roomtemperature under increasingly stringent conditions up to 0.1×salinesodium citrate and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. After XOMAT AR film(Kodak, L Rochester, N.Y.) is exposed to the blots or the blots areplaced in a PHOSPOIMAGER cassette (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale,Calif.) for several hours, hybridization patterns are compared visually.

VII Antisense Molecules

Antisense molecules to the HSEL-encoding sequence, or any part thereof,is used to inhibit in vivo or in vitro expression of naturally occurringHSEL. Although use of antisense oligonucleotides, comprising about 20base-pairs, is specifically described, essentially the same procedure isused with larger cDNA fragments. An oligonucleotide based on the codingsequences of HSEL, as shown FIG. 1, is used to inhibit expression ofnaturally occurring HSEL. The complementary oligonucleotide is designedfrom the most unique 5′ sequence as shown in FIG. 1 and used either toinhibit transcription by preventing promoter binding to the upstreamnontranslated sequence or translation of an HSEL-encoding transcript bypreventing the ribosome from binding. Using an appropriate portion ofthe signal and 5′ sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, an effective antisenseoligonucleotide includes any 15-20 nucleotides spanning the region whichtranslates into the signal or 5′ coding sequence of the polypeptide asshown in FIG. 1.

VIII Expression of HSEL

Expression of HSEL is accomplished by subcloning the cDNAs intoappropriate vectors and transforming the vectors into host cells. Inthis case, the cloning vector, PSPORT1, previously used for thegeneration of the cDNA library is used to express HSEL in E. coli.Upstream of the cloning site, this vector contains a promoter forβ-galactosidase, followed by sequence containing the amino-terminal Met,and the subsequent seven residues of β-galactosidase. Immediatelyfollowing these eight residues is a bacteriophage promoter useful fortranscription and a linker containing a number of unique restrictionsites.

Induction of an isolated, transformed bacterial strain with IPTG usingstandard methods produces a fusion protein which consists of the firsteight residues of β-galactosidase, about 5 to 15 residues of linker, andthe full length protein. The signal residues direct the secretion ofHSEL into the bacterial growth media which can be used directly in thefollowing assay for activity.

IX Demonstration of HSEL Activity

HSEL can be expressed by transforming a mammalian cell line such asCOS7, HeLa or CHO with an eukaryotic expression vector encoding HSEL.Eukaryotic expression vectors are commercially available and thetechniques to introduce them into cells are well known to those skilledin the art. The cells are incubated for 48-72 hours after transformationunder to conditions appropriate for the cell line to allow expressionand accumulation of HSEL.

A small amount of radioactive [⁷⁵Se]-selenite is added to the culturemedia 12-24 hours prior to harvesting the cells. The cells are washed incold buffer to remove excess selenite, lysed with detergent, and thesolubilized proteins resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis;marker proteins of known molecular weight (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.) canbe electrophoresed in parallel lanes of the gel and used to calibratesizes. Following electrophoresis, the gel is exposed against Kodak XOMATAR autobiography kit (Kodak, Rochester, N.Y.) for a suitable period oftime. A band will be visible on the film at the position expected for aprotein of the predicted size for HSEL. A comparison can be made withthe Se-binding proteins present in untransformed cells or with cellstransformed with vector sequences alone.

X Production of HSEL Specific Antibodies

HSEL that is substantially purified using PAGE electrophoresis(Sambrook, supra), or other purification techniques, is used to immunizerabbits and to produce antibodies using standard protocols. The aminoacid sequence deduced from SEQ ID NO:2 is analyzed using DNASTARsoftware (DNASTAR Inc) to determine regions of high immunogenicity and acorresponding oligopolypeptide is synthesized and used to raiseantibodies by means known to those of skill in the art. Selection ofappropriate epitopes, such as those near the C-terminus or inhydrophilic regions, is described by Ausubel et al. (supra), and others.

Typically, the oligopeptids are 15 residues in length, synthesized usingan Applied Biosystems 431A peptise synthesis using fmoc-chemistry, andcoupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH, Sigma. St. Louis. Mo.) byreaction with N-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS;Ausubel et al., supra). Rabbits are immunized with the oligopeptide-KLHcomplex in complete Freund's adjuvant. The resulting antisera are testedfor antipeptide activity, for example, by binding the peptide toplastic, blocking with 1% BSA, reacting with rabbit antisera, washing,and reacting with radioiodinated, goat anti-rabbit IgG.

XI Purification of Naturally Occurring HSEL Using Specific Antibodies

Naturally occurring or recombinant HSEL is substantially purified byimmunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for HSEL. Animmunoaffinity column is constructed by covalently coupling HSELantibody to an activated chromatographic resin, such as CnBr-activatedSEPHAROSE (Pharmacia & Upjohn). After the coupling, the resin is blockedand washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Media containing HSEL is passed over the immunoaffinity column, and thecolumn is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbanceof HSEL (e.g., high ionic strength buffers in the presence ofdetergent). The column is eluted under conditions that disruptantibody/HSEL binding (eg, a buffer of pH 2-3 or a high concentration ofa chaotrope, such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and HSEL is collected.

XII Identification of Molecules Which Interact with HSEL

HSEL or biologically active fragments thereof are labeled with ¹²⁵IBolton-Hunter reagent (Bolton et al. (1973) Biochem. J. 133: 529).Candidate molecules previously arrayed in the wells of a multi-wellplate are incubated with the labeled HSEL, washed and any wells withlabeled HSEL complex are assayed. Data obtained using differentconcentrations of HSEL are used to calculate values for the number,affinity, and association of HSEL with the candidate molecules.

All publications and patents mentioned in the above specification areherein incorporated by reference. Various modifications and variationsof the described method and system of the invention will be apparent tothose skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit ofthe invention. Although the invention has been described in connectionwith specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that theinvention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specificembodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes forcarrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled inmolecular biology or related fields are intended to be within the scopeof the following claims.

3 93 amino acids amino acid single linear BLADNOT03 1599862 1 Met TrpGln Pro Arg Ala Met Ala Leu Ala Val Arg Val Val Tyr Cys 1 5 10 15 GlyAla Xaa Gly Tyr Lys Ser Lys Tyr Leu Gln Leu Lys Lys Lys Leu 20 25 30 GluAsp Glu Phe Pro Gly Arg Leu Asp Ile Cys Gly Glu Gly Thr Ser 35 40 45 GlnAla Xaa Gly Phe Phe Glu Val Met Val Ala Gly Lys Leu Ile His 50 55 60 SerLys Xaa Lys Gly Asp Gly Tyr Val Asp Thr Glu Ser Lys Phe Leu 65 70 75 80Lys Leu Val Ala Ala Ile Lys Ala Xaa Leu Ala Gln Gly 85 90 412 base pairsnucleic acid single linear Consensus 1599862 2 CGCAGACCTA GCGCGTCCAGGTGGGAGGTT AGTGTGGCCC GGGCGTCCGC TCCTCAGCGG 60 ATGTGGCAGC CCCGAGCCATGGCTCTCGCC GTCCGAGTCG TTTATTGTGG CGCTTGAGGC 120 TACAAGTCCA AGTATCTTCAGCTCAAGAAG AAGTTAGAAG ATGAGTTCCC CGGCCGCCTG 180 GACATCTGCG GCGAGGGAACTTCCCAGGCC ANCGGGTTCT TTGAAGTGAT GGTAGCCGGG 240 AAGTTGATTC ACTCTAAGRAGAAAGGCGAT GGCTACGTGG ACACAGAAAG CAAGTTTCTG 300 AAGTTGGTGG CCGCCATCAAAGCCGNCTTG GCTCAGGGCT AATGCGCCCT GAAGGCAGAG 360 TNCAGGGACC TTGACCCAGCCCCTTTNAGC AGACGTTNAT GATAGGAAGG AC 412 88 amino acids amino acid singlelinear GenBank 993035 3 Met Ala Leu Ala Val Arg Val Val Tyr Cys Gly AlaXaa Gly Tyr Lys 1 5 10 15 Pro Lys Tyr Leu Gln Leu Lys Glu Lys Leu GluHis Glu Phe Pro Gly 20 25 30 Cys Leu Asp Ile Cys Gly Glu Gly Thr Pro GlnVal Thr Gly Phe Phe 35 40 45 Glu Val Thr Val Ala Gly Lys Leu Val His SerLys Lys Arg Gly Asp 50 55 60 Gly Tyr Val Asp Thr Glu Ser Lys Phe Arg LysLeu Val Thr Ala Ile 65 70 75 80 Lys Ala Ala Leu Ala Gln Cys Gln 85

What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated antibody which specifically binds toa human polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 1 inconjunction with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier.
 3. A method ofpreparing a polyclonal antibody with the specificity of the antibody ofclaim 1 comprising: a) immunizing an animal with the polypeptide of SEQID NO:1 under conditions to elicit an antibody response; b) isolatinganimal antibodies; and c) screening the isolated antibodies with thepolypeptide thereby identifying a polyclonal antibody that bindsspecifically to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1.
 4. An antibody producedby a method of claim
 3. 5. A pharmaceutical composition comprising theantibody of claim 4 in conjunction with a suitable pharmaceuticalcarrier.
 6. A method of making a monoclonal antibody with thespecificity of the antibody of claim 1 comprising: a) immunizing ananimal with the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1 under conditions to elicit anantibody response; b) isolating antibody producing cells from theanimal; c) fusing the antibody producing cells with immortalized cellsin culture to form monoclonal antibody-producing hybridoma cells; d)culturing the hybridoma cells; and e) isolating from the culturemonoclonal antibodies which bind specifically to the polypeptide of SEQID NO:1.
 7. A monoclonal antibody produced by a method of claim
 6. 8. Apharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 7 inconjunction with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier.
 9. The antibody ofclaim 1, wherein the antibody is: (a) a chimeric antibody; (b) a singlechain antibody; (c) a Fab fragment; or (d) a F(ab′)₂ fragment.
 10. Theantibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody is produced by screening a Fabexpression library.
 11. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody isproduced by screening a recombinant immunoglobulin library.
 12. A methodfor detecting polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1 in a sample comprising thesteps of: a) combining the antibody of claim 1 with a sample underconditions to allow specific binding; and b) detecting specific binding,wherein specific binding indicates the presence of polypeptide of SEQ IDNO:1 in the sample.
 13. A method of using an antibody to purifypolypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1 from a sample, the method comprising: a)combining the antibody of claim 1 with a sample under conditions toallow specific binding; and b) separating the antibody from the protein,thereby obtaining purified polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1.